Who invented the insurance?

Hard to say who first coined the material to compensate for risk. I think it was so long ago! Indeed, people wonder about insurance even in ancient times. Then was formulated and its basic principle: insurance can not serve as a means of enrichment, but only a protection against risk. However, significant development of insurance was much later. Until now, there is debate, with which it was connected. Some believe that the reason was the great fire of London 1666, which destroyed 13,200 buildings in the heart of London, others believe that the cause of the first insurance company was the London-based game that invented the Neapolitan doctor Lorenzo Tonti in 1653 supposedly in his time, he suggested Cardinal Mazarin to organize the original game, was subsequently called "tontine". Participants in this game make a contribution to the organizers, and then bank interest on total collection was distributed among participants in the form of life income. Time in seven years from the number of players ruled out of the dead, after which the remaining income grew. I must say that the last contestant of "tontines" died only 70 years after the start of the game. Its annual income was huge at the time the amount of 73.5 thousand livres. Unlikely, of course, this game can be called by insurance, but still it was on it was first tested accumulative principle of creating an insurance fund. Then there was more: the number of strahoyh companies grew by leaps and bounds. And by the end of 18 century in Europe, there were already about 100 different types of property and personal insurance. In Russia, insurance came much later. The first, "private company to insure property against fire" appeared only in 1827, the Company insured the only stone buildings, and his clients were mainly wealthy people. However, even this narrow focus allowed the specificity of the first Russian company to achieve considerable success in insurance. So, if in 1827 a market value of one share of 57 rubles 14 kopecks, then by 1850 had risen to 600 rubles. However, the insurers themselves at that time was already done. Especially competed stock insurance companies and mutual insurance companies. But in the struggle against foreign insurers (mostly American), even at the time they entered into a truce. Now insurance is an integral part of the lives of millions. In developed countries, more than 90% of the population have life insurance policies. And in 2007 the volume of collected insurance premiums of all insurance companies in the world reached $ 4.1 trillion. In this case, the absolute leaders in the development of insurance are the following countries: U.S. ($ 1,229,668 million of total premiums collected), United Kingdom ($ 463,686 million), Japan ($ 424,832 million), France ($ 268,900 million) and Germany ( $ 222,825 million). In Russia, the total revenue from the insurance market is 29 846 $ million